Basketball Case Study - 1464 Words

NL East Only two teams have a real shot from this top-heavy division whose bottom three teams are in the process of rebuilding. The Mets have a major injury problem. Despite the fact that their rotation is young and unquestionably talented, every single one of their starters has at some point been injured, and there’s no reason to think that the injury bug will stop feasting on its Big Apple this year. They are co-anchored by Noah Syndergaard and Jacob DeGrom, who are both budding stars. Matt Harvey was horrendous last year before being put on the shelf for the entire second half with Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. I believe that his performance this year will easily surpass last year’s, but he is not the same Dark Knight of 2015 who led the†¦show more content†¦However, bear in mind that they are a big risk to miss the postseason altogether because of that pesky injury bug. The Nationals played strikingly well last year, albeit Bryce Harper having a down year. During the offseason they acquired Joe Blanton, as well as hitters Adam Eaton, Matt Wieters, and Adam Lind to retool an already adept lineup which consists of Daniel Murphy, whose average fell .001 short of winning the batting title, 2015 NL MVP Bryce Harper, reigning comeback player of the year Anthony Rendon, and up and coming star Trea Turner. Eaton is a â€Å"big league† outfielder with a high OBP, and Wieters will start at catcher, but his production is bound to peter off because he’s on the tail-end of his career. Lind is a washed up former American League DH trying to make it in the NL; however, Blanton should be a humungo asset in coagulating a bullpen which lacks a true closer. Jayson Werth and Ryan Zimmerman are both injury-prone but are marvelous when on the field. The Nats rotation is exemplary, anchored by Max Scherzer, Stephen Strasburg, and Tanner Roark. Scherzer and R oark were top-notch last year, with both finishing with a sub-3.00 ERA, but Roark is a massive regression candidate as his stats last year were thoroughly unanticipated and likely fortuitous. Strasburg is one of the more prominent pitchers in baseball when on theShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Responsibility Of Authority1914 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is the critical issue in this case? The case study brings out the main issue as the ethical responsibility people in authority have. Sally is confronted with a serious dilemma after Rick, a student in her class, comes forward to report a case that requires the intervention of someone in higher authority. Sally is in a fix on what to do with the information she has been given; should she report the coach to the higher ups or should she let it slide. Being a first-year teacher does not help inRead MoreDescriptive Research2513 Words   |  11 Pagescompletion of this unit of instruction students will be able to: 1. 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Medisys Corp. the Intensecare Product Development Team Essay

MediSys Corp.: The IntensCare Product Development Team Questions 1. How well is this team performing? (Scale of 1-5 effectiveness, 5 most effective). Discuss. Team is not performing well. I can give 2 or maybe 3 at most for its effectiveness. Because firstly, there is a serious motivation problem. Beaumont’s new policy of cross-functional team to look at the bigger picture did not change the way of reporting and evaluation of the team members. They were working both in the project and in their functional area but they were evaluated only on the basis of performance on their functional area. So there is no indication of extrinsic or intrinsic reward for the team performance. This situation is not motivational at all. Secondly,†¦show more content†¦However, diversity of the group is not managed properly and conflicts are not handled effectively because of poor communication. There is a serious degree of trust problem in the team. For example, Merz has not much confidence in team members’ competence and she is not believing in their ability to deliver the product. Therefore, we can’t talk about a team efficacy fo r this team. Everyone asserts his/her expertise and experience but no one regards and trust each other’s. Lastly evaluation system of performance of the employees is a serious problem. While they were working both in the project and in their functional areas, they were evaluated only on the basis of performance on their functional area. This situation definitely destroys motivation of the team. 4. Describe and discuss issues in the IntensCare Project Team (goals, leadership, power issues, design of team and it’s dynamics, conflict). There are many kinds of conflicts in the team. First of all, there is a serious trust issue in the team which led to poor communication which is causing information conflict. For example, Jack and O’Brien didn’t inform Merz on engineering problems about data displays and battery units or O’Brien didn’t have information whether there is any update about delays with the software. Task interdependency is an inevitable outcome of parallel development system and thisShow MoreRelatedCase Analysis Of Medisys Corp.1597 Words   |  7 PagesCase analysis: MediSys Corp.: The IntensCare Product Development Team Situation Analysis MediSys Crop. is a privately held US-based medical device manufacture who started a new project, named IntensCare, in 2006. IntensCare aimed to collect data on patients in intensive care units and post it to a database to share. The launch time was scheduled in August 2009. Six months away from the launch date, the project team still faced many issues that seemed they would not launch the project on time. In

Judicial Discretion and Jurisprudence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2634 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Jurisprudence Essay Did you like this example? Moral questions impact the law at every corner. A rigid separation between morality, law, and discretion is implausible and, as Wacks defines it, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an improbable enterprise.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [1] In theory and in practice, the judiciary functions as the crux of the common law in Hong Kong. It is therefore in judicial discretion that the perception of law is segregated into two main schools of thought: legal naturalism and positivism. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Judicial Discretion and Jurisprudence" essay for you Create order The naturalistic claim that the very essence of law is its morality is contrasted by the positivistic allegation of a moral-free code of law. This essay explores judicial discretion in Hong Kong under each discipline and argues that the naturalistic approach is more coherent and justifiable under three accounts: constitutional checks, constructive interpretation, and moral accountability. In pursuit of a thorough analysis, the definitions of law, morality, and discretion must first be interpreted. I emphasize the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"interpretationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to give light to the complexity in sufficiently defining said terms. Law, as H.L.A. Hart à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the most prominent modern positivist in the twentieth century[2] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" declares, is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a system ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ social rules that direct and appraise behavior.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [3] In my words, law is defined as the social phenomenon that establishes guidelines and restrictions for human b ehavior. The term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“moralityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  refers to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a code of conduct, given specified conditions, would be put forward by all rational persons.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [4] As per my opinion then, morality is an unwritten and objective code of conduct that the community generally abides to. Lastly, Westen states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“discretion meansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ an area within which the discretion-holder has authority to adopt, or not to adopt, whatever rule he deems fit.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [5] Discretion, in this sense, describes the power of an authority to exercise his/her decision in accordance to rules and laws. It is noted that these definitions are, at best, elementary to the intricacies underlying the colossal concepts of law, morality, and discretion; thus, to narrow the scope, I approach these concepts with a focus within the Hong Kong jurisdiction. The lineage of debates between naturalism and positivism in jurisprudence have extended over centuries. Essentially, naturalism provides that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“act of positing lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ can and should be guided by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"moralà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ principles and rules; that those moral norms are a matter of objective reasonableness, not of whim, convention, or mere à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"decisionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [6] The judicial process, under a naturalistic approach, present the judges with the duty to ensure moral foundations are met. Dworkin calls it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“law as integrityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ : It supposes that lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s constraints benefit society not just by providing predictability or procedural fairness, or in some other instrumental way, but by securing a kind of equality among citizens that makes their community more genuine and improve its moral justification for exercising the political power it does.[7] The modern advocacy of positivism, however, denies moral considerations in exercising discretion; as Hart declares: The rule-making authority must exercise a discretion, and there is no possibility of treating the question raised by the various cases as if there were one uniquely correct answer to be found, as distinct from an answer which is a reasonable compromise between conflicting interests.[8] Thus, Hart identifies a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rule of recognitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [9] in its positivistic model to establish that the considerations of judicial discretion are only whether compliance with the legal systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s criteria of valid laws are met. In other words, in exercising positivistic discretion under the rule of recognition, the judiciary decides whether or not the law is valid according to the criteria enacted by legislature or unwritten societal compliance, but not to the extent of moral contemplations. Within context of Hong Kong, I argue that the naturalistic approach is evidenced by its constitutional checks and balances and must be so in the preservation of the common la w system. The immediate challenge in exercising discretion post-1997 between Dworkinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“law as integrityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [10] and Hartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rule of recognitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [11] is embedded in HKSAR v Ma Wai Kwa-n David[12]. The Court of Appeal is vested with decisions in the maintenance of the common law system and the jurisdiction of the Hong Kong courts to question the legality of laws and decisions enacted by the National Peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Congress (NPC). To declare that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“regional courts have no jurisdiction to query the validity of any legislation or acts passed by the sovereignà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [13], the Court of Appeal signals that judicial discretion exercised the positivistic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rule of recognitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to establish that although unsettling to the libertarian moral values embodied in the rule of law, the only concern is whether the compliance with the cr iteria of valid laws are met.[14] Under a purely positivistic approach then, no court shall exercise its discretion to safeguard the liberty in the rule of law. Yet, in Ng Ka Ling v Director of Immigration[15], the learned Chief Justice Li overturns the decision of the Court of Appeal in Ma Wai Kwan David[16], asserting that In exercising their judicial power conferred by the Basic Law, the courts of the Region have a duty to enforce and interpret that Law. They undoubtedly have the jurisdiction to examine whether legislation enacted by the legislature of the Region or acts of the executive authorities of the Region are consistent with the Basic Law and, if found to be inconsistent, to hold them to be invalid.[17] The constitutional check of the executive branch, the legislative council, and even the National Peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s congress was a matter not of positivistic decision, but of a naturalistic discretion to uphold the morality of freedoms in the rule of law. It i s with principles of fundamental libertarian rights that the courts exercise its discretion, and thus adopt adherence to a moral code of conduct. Though the subsequent referral to the Standing Committee of the National Peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Congress (NPCSC) under Article 158[18] inevitably undermines the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s discretion, judges continue to resist the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rule of recognitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to protect the underlying principles of fairness in the moral code of conduct, as recognized by Bokhary PJà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dissenting opinion in Lau Kong Yung v Director of Immigration[19]: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In Hong Kong where we aspire to be humane as well as orderly, it is plain that the Director would have been duty-bound at least to read the applications to see if they or any one or more of them disclosed a strongand obvious case for a favourable exercise on humanitarian grounds of his discretion.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [20] Essentially, Bokhary PJ acknowledges that there are legal grounds of which the administrative decision-maker issues removal-orders against the respondents; however, he also believes that the decision-maker failed to exercise his discretion according to a moral code of conduct that is essential to the common law system. As observed by Wacks, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the virtues of the common law should not be exaggerated, but few will dispute that its perpetuation is a sine qua non of our liberty. This is largely because a legal system is essentially a kind of moral system.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [21] Consequently, in the preservation of Hong Kongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s common law system, I argue that the naturalistic approach towards discretion is essential to inhabit the underlying moral principles of liberty. Dworkin outlines another element of naturalism in its à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“constructive interpretationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [22] by which the concept of law does not adhere the judiciaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s intuition at face value (as Hart cl aims), but embodies the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“great network of political structures and decisions of his communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [23]. Moral principles of an individual judge can be skewed, and thus to discover and apply the morality of the community as a whole, law is interpreted constructively through legislation and precedents. A judge shall then exercise his/her discretion, in the sacrifice of his/her personal moral perception, to adhere to the communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s moral code to enact new precedents and laws.[24] The significance of constructive interpretation in maintaining the Hong Kong common law system is overwhelming. In the event that judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personal morals are vested in his/her judgment, individual rights become fragile. Hong Kong courts have long abided to the common lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tradition of protecting rights[25], and to now shatter these rights in a positivistic approach would be unfathomable. Should the concepts of law, morality, and disc retion stand alone as positivism suggests, then in my opinion, the common law will be driven out of Hong Kong. To maintain the common law system as per the intent of Article 8[26], the naturalistic approach of moral accountability in constructive interpretations of the judiciary branch must be practiced. Lastly, the stance of judicial accountability is subjected to two interpretations. Under Hartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s positivistic procedural standard, he declares that justice consists in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"treating like cases alikeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[27]. Therefore, a judge is held accountable in his/her discretion in impartiality of treating cases alike. Yet, there are situations in which unjust laws may call for judicial discretion on the basis of morality. R M Hare illustrates this in his à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“two-level structure of moral thinkingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ : Let us suppose that a judge is asked to justify his sentencing a convicted prisoner. He can answer first at the intuitive leve l, pointing that the prima facie principles have been observedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. If the laws themselves are questioned, the judge can refer the questioner to the legislature, together with the sound prima facie principle that the judges should not depart from what is laid down by statute If he is asked à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Why these principles? He will have to appeal to critical thinking[28] Within the context of Hong Kong, judges are held accountable to Article 89[29], in which it is stipulated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ may only be removed for inability to discharge his or her duties, or for misbehavior, by the Chief Executive on the recommendation of a tribunal appointed by the Chief justice of the Court of Final Appeal and consisting of not fewer than three local judges.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [30] The question that arises then is whether or not the judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s duties held accountable to the basis of morality. I argue that it is in fact so as evidenced by the ea rly resignation of Chief Justice Andrew Li Kwok-nang. In controversy over the Court of Final Appealà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s submission to the NPCSC interpretation in Ng Ka Ling[31], the learned Chief Justice Li was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“criticized for his ignorance of the social impact of the court judgment.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [32] According to a local newspaper, Shiu Sin-por, the director of the One Country Two Systems Institute, even suggested that Hong Kongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s court judges should embody the principles of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“one country, two systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  by considering the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“general interest of the societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“social consequences of the judgments.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [33] One commentator of a different newspaper even added that: As the judiciaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s chief, Li Kwok-nang cannot escape the responsibility that his judgment on January 29 brought about the central governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strong attack and thus endan gering the foundation of Hong Kongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s judicial independence. As a judge, he has no political responsibility. But as the judiciaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s chief, he should shoulder the political responsibility of his mistake. His resignation could establish a model for the legal elite and successors to maintain judicial independence and to confront the central governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interference. If he does not resign, his fifteen years of office will have great difficulties.[34] The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“surprise resignationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [35] of Chief Justice Li indicates that he was held morally accountable through the voices of the community for his discretion in Ng Ka Ling[36], and in failure to defend the moral code of liberty in the society, it was inevitable that he must resign. That is to a moral consideration under naturalism that Chief Justice Li was held accountable to, and not a positivistic duty to ensure procedural fairness and impartiality. Consequen tly, it is with confidence that I conclude that law, morality, and discretion are interconnected in Hong Kong under a naturalistic school of thought, and must continue to do so in the preservation of the common law system. In a constitutional quest for the autonomy of Hong Kong, the judiciary strives to exercise its discretion in protecting the principles and policies of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fairness, equality, and justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [37] in our legal system. As a result, under the evidence found in constitutional checks, constructive interpretation, and moral accountability, the three concepts of law, morality, and discretion cannot and must not stand alone. Works Cited Table of Cases HKSAR v Ma Wai Kwan David [1997] 2 HKC 315 Ng Ka Ling v Director of Immigration [1999] 1 HKC 291 Lau Kong Yung v Director of Immigration [1999] 4 HKC 731 Table of Legislation The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Republic of Ch ina Secondary Sources R Wacks,Law, Morality, and the Private Domain(Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2000) M H Kramer, C Grant, B Colburn, and A Hatzistarou, The Legacy of H.L.A.: Legal, Political, and Moral Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008) H L A Hart, The Concept of Law (2nd Ed., Oxford: Oxford Clarendon Press, 1994) Gert, Bernard, The Definition of Morality,The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy(Fall 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta(edn), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2012/entries/morality-definition/ P Westen, The Meaning of Equality in Law, Science, Math, and Morals: A Reply, 81 Mich. L. Rev. 604, 642 (1983) J M Finnis,Natural Law and Natural Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980) R Dworkin, Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Empire (London: Fontana Paperbacks, 1987) Simon Lee, Judging Judges (London: Faber Faber, 1988) P Wesley-Smith, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Protecting Human Rights in Hong Kongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Human Rights i n Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1992) R M Hare, Moral Thinking Its Levels, Method and Point (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1981) S Shiu-Hing Lo, The Dynamics of Beijing-Hong Kong Relations: A Model for Taiwan? (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2008) Ming Pao, 26 May 1999, p. A9, as translated by S Shiu-Hing Lo Wong On-yin, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is wise for Li Kwok-nang to resignà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Apple Daily, June 28, 1999, D1, as translated by S Shiu-Hing Lo A Wong, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Lawmakers Endorse Geoffrey Ma As Top Judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , South China Morning Post, 10 June, 2010 https://www.scmp.com/article/716689/lawmakers-endorse-geoffrey-ma-top-judge 1 [1] R Wacks,Law, Morality, and the Private Domain(Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2000), p 1 [2] M H Kramer, C Grant, B Colburn, and A Hatzistarou, The Legacy of H.L.A.: Legal, Political, and Moral Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), p xiii [3] H L A Hart, The Concept of Law (2nd Ed., Oxford: Oxford Clarendon Press, 1994), p xiii. [4] Gert, Bernard, The Definition of Morality,The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy(Fall 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta(edn), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2012/entries/morality-definition/. [5] P Westen, The Meaning of Equality in Law, Science, Math, and Morals: A Reply, 81 Mich. L. Rev. 604, 642 (1983) [6] J M Finnis,Natural Law and Natural Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), p 290 [7] R Dworkin, Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Empire (London: Fontana Paperbacks, 1987), p 95-96 [8] H L A Hart (n 3), p 210 [9] H L A Hart (n 3), p 200 [10] R Dworkin (n 7), p 95-96 [11] H L A Hart (n 3 ), p 200 [12] HKSAR v Ma Wai Kwan David [1997] 2 HKC 315 [13] Ibid, 334 [14] R Wacks (n 1), p 7 [15] Ng Ka Ling v Director of Immigration [1999] 1 HKC 291 [16] Ma Wai Kwan David (n 12) [17] Ng Ka Ling (n 15), 322-323 [18] The Basic Law, Art 158 [19] Lau Kong Yung v Director of Immigration [1999] 4 HKC 731 [20] Ibid, 754-755 [21] R Wacks (n 1), p 4 [22] Dworkin (n 7), p 52 [23] Ibid [24] Simon Lee, Judging Judges (London: Faber Faber, 1988), p 30 [25] P Wesley-Smith, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Protecting Human Rights in Hong Kongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Human Rights in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1992) [26] The Basic Law, Art 8 [27] H L A Hart (n 3), p 155-157 [28] R M Hare, Moral Thinking Its Levels, Method and Point (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1981), p 159 [29] The Basic Law, Art 89 [30] Ibid [31] Ng Ka Ling (n 15) [32] S Shiu-Hing Lo, The Dynamics of Beijing-Hong Kong Relations: A Model for Taiwan? (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2008), p 85 [33] Ming Pao, 26 May 1999, p. A9, as translated by S Shiu-Hing Lo (n 32) [34] Wong On-yin, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is wise for Li Kwok-nang to resignà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Apple Daily, June 28, 1999, D1, as translated by S Shiu-Hing Lo (n 32) [35]A Wong, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Lawmakers Endorse Geoffrey Ma As Top Judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , South China Morning Post, 10 June, 2010 https://www.scmp.com/article/716689/lawmakers-endorse-geoffrey-ma-top-judge [36] Ng Ka Ling (n 15) [37] R Wacks (n 1), p 4

Stalins Corruption - 1564 Words

I believe in one thing only, the power of human will said Stalin once. He certainly did have cause to believe in the power of a humans will as he experienced it in himself firsthand, having had extraordinary willpower and perseverance (He didnt call himself Man of Steel for nothing, folks), rising up from the lowly station of alcoholics son in Georgia to one of the biggest monsters in human history, supposedly killing more than Hitler. Exactly how did he do this? Why? And how did his corruption reach such extents as to do all this for power? Josef Stalin (originally named Josef Djugashvili) was born in Gori, a violent town in eastern Georgia, on the twenty-first of December, in 1878, to his parents Ketevan Geladze and Besarion†¦show more content†¦By acting as if his words were indirectly Lenins, Stalin could say almost any number of things with the people agreeing out of respect for Lenin. This relates to the propaganda technique Testimonial. There were other ways that he took advantage of how Communism was--the omnipotent and omnicompetent boss was still the norm in a society so recently under Czarist authority (Pereira, 5). Because of this, Stalin could easily claim supremacy over the people of Russia, because they were used to this. Part of what helped Stalin attain so much power and therefore get so corrupt was all of this taking advantage of not completely set rules. But why did he want to take advantage of this for power? He did this because of his power-hungry personality. Stalins having a power-hungry personality is a big part of what made him corrupt, and is also a part of his corruption. Not many will dispute this, especially once faced with evidence--Stalins craving for power is evident in many areas. He certainly had a lot of will-power to do as much as he did! One such example of this is accentuated by him opportunism and likeness to a chameleon; he would do almost anything to attain power, not having scruples or paying attention to ideals (although he harnessed those of the people to gain power!) : Stalin performed his great turn-about in late 1927 and took over the left analysis (Pereira, 5). This is interesting because Stalin had been on theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Bitter Watters 921 Words   |  4 Pagesexperiences under Stalin’s Soviet Union. Andreev-Khomiakov (the author) talks about his everyday life during the years of 1935 to 1941. From the point of being imprisoned in a labor camp in till he has to leave Moscow because of World War II. In the book Andreev-Khomiakov talks about how the Stalin system works daily, and expresses his own opinions about it. He explains how controlled he and his coworkers are by the Soviets. This primary source is helpful to feel what it was like under Stalin’s Soviet UnionRead MoreJoseph Stalin And Vladimir Putin1062 Words   |  5 Pagesto spy on citizens and urged citizens to spy on each other. Additionally, he enforced freedomless press and speech; violators of his laws were sent to Gulags, labor camps . After promises to build Russia into a strong market economy and to end corruption, Vladimir Putin was elected as president of Russia in 2000, was re-elected in 2004, and was re-elected once again in 2012 . However, there is much skepticism about the legitimacy and impartiality of the 2004 and 2012 elections. Experts state thatRead MoreSquealers Role in Animal Farm Essay example1184 Words   |  5 Pagesreceiving whatever they desire with minimal opposition. br brSquealer is used by Orwell to symbolize the Pravda, the Russian newspaper directed and organized by the government during the administration of Joseph Stalin. Orwell presents the corruption of the Soviet command and authority in his critique of the propaganda employed to overpower probable combat from the populace. The exclusive possession of the media, is also criticized by Orwell. br brSquealer was the bearer of news for ManorRead MoreEvaluation Of Animal Farm By George Orwell1101 Words   |  5 Pagespublished in 1945, and the context when it was written plays a huge role in shaping it. It was after the Russian Revolution in which we see Joseph Stalin became the new leader of the Soviet Union. Stalin’s idea and leadership clearly doesn’t impress George Orwell, as this book shows the dark side of Stalin’s system through a group of fictional characters, the animals. Not only that, the book was also able to foresee the situation every government in the world is facing: the lethal side of power. TheRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1243 Words   |  5 Pagescommunism and Stalin’s rule. An author shows his or her purpose through the text’s hidden meanings, the structure of the text, the sequence of events, and the diction of the text. One way the author conveys his or her purpose is through the use of hidden meanings. A story’s plot is somehow based on the author’s real life, and the author writes the story to convey these events. For example, although the book Animal Farm is completely fictional, it is based on the events that occurred during Stalin’s rule inRead MoreCritical Analysis of a Document Essay example817 Words   |  4 Pagesbut what had to be done to keep their own life. As Kopelev’s extract goes on we see with it the fading of this initial blind enthusiasm for a communist dream, and an emergence of deeper sentiments conveying bitterness towards the corruption and treacherous institution to which he’d complied with. Such jaded attitudes become evident through his admissions of having to ‘still my doubts the way I had learned to’ proving perhaps that of all the harm imposed by such a partyRead MoreThe Silent Genocide Of Ukraine : Holodomor 1932-19331247 Words   |  5 PagesUnion from 1932-1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians. This cruelty of a slow death by starving was a purposeful act by Joseph Stalin and the leaders at that time. To cease further genocides in our world today, it is imperative to know how this corruption and disaster starts, so it can be prevented in the future. By understanding the Soviet leader’s motives and the lives affected by this famine, this will lead to further comprehension about power and communism. Power corrupts those who are givenRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1698 Words   |  7 Pagessignificantly is a satirical look at the history of the Soviet Union, beginning with the Russian Revolution in 1917. The rebellion at Manor Farm mirrors the Russian Revolution of 1917 and although meant to liberate the workers, became a tool for Stalin’s oppressive and brutal dictatorship. Stalin, like Napoleon, his ant hropomorphic counterpart, quashed any opposition, denying people the freedom to express their political views. Although Animal Farm is an attack on a specific government, its generalRead MoreKarl Marx s Interpretation Of Communism1148 Words   |  5 Pagesa once powerful nation, now crumbling down, focused exclusively on the Soviet Union as a starting point for a revolution with his â€Å"Socialism in one country†, thus putting a stop to Lenin’s ideas of world revolution (Wood, week 5, slide 7). Joseph Stalin’s obsession with security greatly influenced his world view. In truth, this could be one of the reasons why Stalin signed a non-aggression pact with Hitler in 1939. When the latter broke the pact and invaded his country, Stalin made sure that HitlerRead More George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pagesmental. Orwell also shows how the state has more subtle methods for imposing its authority, such as the manipulation of language and propaganda as they are used to achieve the goal of absolute power for the system. A key parallel between the Party and Stalin’s Communism is the use of technology and communication to control the economic, social, and personal aspects of life. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Stalin and Big Brother achieved total control, not only of social and economic aspects of the state

Pathos Free Essays

â€Å"Emotional appeals (sometimes called appeals to pathos) are powerful tools for influencing what people think and believe† (Everything’s an argument 38). There are many methods that can be used to create an emotional connection with people. In the story called â€Å"The F word† by Firoozeh Dumas, the author use humor to emotionally connect the readers to her story. We will write a custom essay sample on Pathos or any similar topic only for you Order Now In some instances when writers want to get a deeper message across to the audiences they use a sadder approach. In the commercial by ATT, they try to get the message across texting and driving and the serious consequences. A good method that some authors use to get the attention and achieve a connection with the audience is by using humor. In the story called â€Å"The F Word,† the author, Firoozeh Dumas, talks about her experience growing up in American with an Iranian name that was very difficult for people to say. She goes to talk about how it was more of a struggle fitting in with her name than anything else. â€Å"All of us immigrants knew that moving to America would be fraught with challenges, but none of us thought that our names would be such an obstacle. (Firoozeh Dumas 751) Being so fed up with the name butchering, she decides to change her name to a much easier American name, Julie. She goes by the name of Julie for a while then decides to go back to Firoozeh. She mentions in the book that after a while she stopped caring about what people call her and responds to just about any name that begins with an F (Firoozeh Dumas 754). Dumas was successful in getting her story across to the readers and many people in this country can relate to this story coming from a different country with a long or difficult name to say. To get a message across or create awareness, some authors and the media like to use more of a deeper more relatable approach, by having people talk about their life experiences, putting up graphic pictures, even show the tragedy that is occurring because of something. In the T. V. ad by ATT, they raise awareness of the dangers of texting while driving. In the commercial, it had one word show up in the beginning that said, â€Å"Yeah,† and you hear the voice of a girl saying, â€Å"This is the text my sister was reading from me when she crashed her car and died. It was a quick sixteen second commercial, but it was a successful way of using pathos and good message to get across to the audience with a deep emotional connection. This shows that your life can change because of a simple message and affect those who love you. It can be very relatable to those younger drivers and even parents that like to use their cell phones while driving. Pathos is used when writers or even the me dia want to gain an emotional connection to their audiences and use emotional appeals to influence them. In â€Å"The ‘F’ Word,† by Firoozeh Dumas, she uses humor to connect her story to her audiences. It was a very relatable story and was a good example of using pathos. Another successful form of pathos was in an advertisement by ATT about texting and driving. It was a sad form of pathos but it was a good message to get across to the audiences that drive and like to use their cell phones. The use of pathos is widely used to influence and draw an emotional appeal to the readers. Some are successful with it and others fail to gain a connection. The story of Dumas and the advertisement by ATT were both successful with the use of pathos. How to cite Pathos, Papers

Pathos Free Essays

â€Å"Emotional appeals (sometimes called appeals to pathos) are powerful tools for influencing what people think and believe† (Everything’s an argument 38). There are many methods that can be used to create an emotional connection with people. In the story called â€Å"The F word† by Firoozeh Dumas, the author use humor to emotionally connect the readers to her story. We will write a custom essay sample on Pathos or any similar topic only for you Order Now In some instances when writers want to get a deeper message across to the audiences they use a sadder approach. In the commercial by ATT, they try to get the message across texting and driving and the serious consequences. A good method that some authors use to get the attention and achieve a connection with the audience is by using humor. In the story called â€Å"The F Word,† the author, Firoozeh Dumas, talks about her experience growing up in American with an Iranian name that was very difficult for people to say. She goes to talk about how it was more of a struggle fitting in with her name than anything else. â€Å"All of us immigrants knew that moving to America would be fraught with challenges, but none of us thought that our names would be such an obstacle. (Firoozeh Dumas 751) Being so fed up with the name butchering, she decides to change her name to a much easier American name, Julie. She goes by the name of Julie for a while then decides to go back to Firoozeh. She mentions in the book that after a while she stopped caring about what people call her and responds to just about any name that begins with an F (Firoozeh Dumas 754). Dumas was successful in getting her story across to the readers and many people in this country can relate to this story coming from a different country with a long or difficult name to say. To get a message across or create awareness, some authors and the media like to use more of a deeper more relatable approach, by having people talk about their life experiences, putting up graphic pictures, even show the tragedy that is occurring because of something. In the T. V. ad by ATT, they raise awareness of the dangers of texting while driving. In the commercial, it had one word show up in the beginning that said, â€Å"Yeah,† and you hear the voice of a girl saying, â€Å"This is the text my sister was reading from me when she crashed her car and died. It was a quick sixteen second commercial, but it was a successful way of using pathos and good message to get across to the audience with a deep emotional connection. This shows that your life can change because of a simple message and affect those who love you. It can be very relatable to those younger drivers and even parents that like to use their cell phones while driving. Pathos is used when writers or even the me dia want to gain an emotional connection to their audiences and use emotional appeals to influence them. In â€Å"The ‘F’ Word,† by Firoozeh Dumas, she uses humor to connect her story to her audiences. It was a very relatable story and was a good example of using pathos. Another successful form of pathos was in an advertisement by ATT about texting and driving. It was a sad form of pathos but it was a good message to get across to the audiences that drive and like to use their cell phones. The use of pathos is widely used to influence and draw an emotional appeal to the readers. Some are successful with it and others fail to gain a connection. The story of Dumas and the advertisement by ATT were both successful with the use of pathos. How to cite Pathos, Papers

Differential Effect Of Oil Demand Supply - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Differential Effect Of Oil Demand Supply. Answer: Introduction: Microeconomics is a basic tool to analyse and understand various economic situations. Here, newspaper analysis will be taken to understand some basic concepts. These basic concepts are production possibility frontier, demand and supply, different types of demand and supply elasticity and equilibrium of price and quantity. Moreover, diminishing marginal utility and the concept of budget line are also very important. Here news paper analysis will be done to understand these basic concepts of microeconomics. Hence, to do this research, six different newspaper articles have been chosen. From those articles, it will be seen that which types of microeconomic factors are operating. Moreover, to demonstrate those factors clearly, some proper diagrams will be drawn. At the end, an overall conclusion will be drawn, based on those analyses. Analysis of articles: Scarce resource: In Venezuela, due to high rate of inflation, the value of Bolivar becomes low. Moreover, people are getting very low amount of money from bank. Market price of every product becomes very high. However, consumers cannot purchase those products within their limited income. On the other side, due to black market, the exchange rate of Bolivar becomes very high (CNNMoney 2018). To control this situation, the government of this country has set a withdrawal limit of money from bank. Hence, due to higher amount of inflation, Bolivar has lost its value. On the other side, due to higher black money exchange rate, one person can get higher amount of Bolivar for $1. Those all effects have increased total money supply in Venezuela. The government of this country is trying to control this excessive inflation by limiting the amount of money lending from banks (Varian 2014). This will further create a black market and will increase the value of exchange rate f Bolivar in international market. Figure1: increase supply of Bolivar Source: (created by author) High rate of inflation has increased total market supply of Bolivar. On the other side, due to black money operations, money holders are offering more Bolivar for one unit of dollar. This again increases the supply of Bolivar in the market. As a result, the supply curve has shifted from left to right (S0 to S1). In the above diagram, this extra amount of money supply (Q0 Q1) represents this excess amount of Bolivar in the country. Moreover, the price value of this currency has decreased by P0-P1 amount. Demand and supply: The cost price of Christmas tree has increased in 2017. In 1974, the price of those Christmas tree was $30 each. However, in 2016, it was $95 and in 2017, it was $110 for each tree. The reason behind this increasing price of Christmas tree is shortage of supply all over the nation. Moreover, due to high competition with big box stores, the profit rate of those side vendors may decrease (Ferr-Sadurn 2018). They also pay extra charge for selling their products in New York. These are the chief reason behind the increasing price of Christmas tree in this city. Moreover, to cover up their low level of revenue from cheaper locations, they increase their Christmas tree price in this city. The demand curve of those Christmas tree vendors represents this situation (Cashin, Mohaddes, Raissi and Raissi 2014). As the supply of Christmas tree has decreased, it will increase the price level. Figure2: increasing price level of Christmas tree due to lower supplier Source: (created by author) In the above figure, as the supply of Christmas tree has declined due to shortage. The new supply curve is S1. As a result, the price of this product has also increased and become P1. Market equilibrium: In Jakarta, demand for new office spaces will increase in the coming year. According to a report, this demand for extra office spaces will be almost triple. This is because some e-commerce companies are expanding rapidly (Post 2018). As a result, rental charges may increase further. However, due to increasing amount of office buildings, rental charges will not increase. As they are providing extra office spaces in upcoming years, the rental charge will remain almost same. This increasing demand and supply effect of office spaces can be analysed by a suitable diagram. Figure 3: Market equilibrium of office space in Jakarta Source: (created by author) In the above figure, the initial demand and supply curve of office space in Jakarta are drawn. The initial demand curve is D0 and the initial supply curve is S0. After the mentioned increasing demand for new office spaces, this demand curve has shifted to upward, that is, D1. In this new demand curve, the rental amount could be P1. However, the supply of housing space is also increasing in next year (Varian 2014). This S1 curve is showing this effect. Hence, the amount of rent will be same in future, as well. Elasticity: In the article of IPhone X, the effect of own price elasticity can be observed. Here, IPhone X is a highly elastic product. Hence, the slight change of the price of this phone will affect its demand negatively (Post 2018). The price of this Apple phone is very high. Moreover, the company is not introducing any new features to increase consumers attraction. Hence, the demand for this IPhone is decreasing over the year. Moreover, due this decreasing amount of demand, country is also decreasing their amount of shipping. Hence, being elastic good, a small change of price can greatly influence the overall demand of this phone. The following figure has shown this effect. Figure4: Price elasticity of IPhone X Source: (created by author) In the above diagram, an elastic demand curve of IPhone is drawn. Initially, the supply curve was S1. Hence, the corresponding price of Iphone was P1 for Q1 amount. As the price of this phone is very high and there are no new features within the phone, the world demand has reduced to Q0 level. As a result, the supply of IPhone has also decreased by S0 amount (Yan, Tian, Heravi and Morgan 2017). This is the chief reason behind the decreasing amount of shipments, that is, 30 million units to 25 million units within 3 months. Elasticity: Trump tower is another example of elastic product in India. Being luxurious products, the demand for those apartments are increasing significantly. In Gurgaon, people are buying new Trump apartments rapidly. Moreover, the demand of those residential places of Trump brand is increasing in Mumbai, Pune and Kolkata (Iyengar 2018). Builders are selling those branded apartments with very higher prices. Those prices are higher than 30%, compare to other similar properties. Hence, producers or builders of those projects will earn producer surplus. Producer surplus is an amount that they can enjoy at anytime. In a competitive market situation, there exists an equilibrium price for a particular output. However, consumer can pay more to achieve that product. This extra payment of consumer is considered as producer surplus. Figure5: Producer Surplus Source: (created by author) In the above diagram, the triangle P1 E P0 represents producer surplus. In general, the market price of any apartment is P0. However, people want to buy Trump apartment at P1 price, as it is a luxurious product. Hence, the producer or developer will enjoy a surplus. Budget Line: Carillion is one of the largest construction companies in U.K. However, after financial crisis, the company is planning to sale their assets. To maintain this loose, the British Government has decided to provide finance to continue their operational services. The government has done this to continue public services (Iyengar 2018). However, according to some critics, this decision of government is wrong. There is no future prospect for Carillion to grow further. On the other side, the budget of British government will be increased further. The budget line of the British government can illustrate this above statement (Luo 2014). As the government will provide more funds to this government, the budget line will shift upward in the vertical portion. Figure6: Budget line of the British Government Source: (created by author) In the above figure, as the government has increased their financial support for Carillion. As a result, the budget line of the government has shifted upward in the vertical axis. The initial budget line was Pc0 Pa. After providing financial support, the new budget line becomes Pc1 Pa. There is an increment of this line from Pc0 to Pc1. Conclusion: Hence, from the above discussion, the report can conclude an overall situation. In every part of daily life and economic activities, micro economic concepts are always present. The basic demand and supply tool can use in every situation. Moreover, nature of a product also indicates the elasticity of demand. This report has presented the concept of demand elasticity related to IPhone and Trump building. Furthermore, a newspaper article has represented the concept of producer surplus. On the other side, budget effect indicates the British government expenditure. Hence, this report has analysed almost every concepts of microeconomics. Reference: Cashin, P., Mohaddes, K., Raissi, M. and Raissi, M., 2014. The differential effects of oil demand and supply shocks on the global economy.Energy Economics,44, pp.113-134. CNNMoney. (2018).Venezuela's cash crisis: You can't get $1 from a bank. I tried.. [online] Available at: https://money.cnn.com/2018/01/17/news/economy/venezuela-cash-crisis/index.html?iid=Lead Ferr-Sadurn, L., 2018.How Much for That Tree? $35 in Harlem, or $135 in SoHo. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/10/nyregion/new-york-city-christmas-tree-prices.html?rref=collection%2Ftimestopic%2FFood%20Prices%20and%20Supply Iyengar, A., 2018.Carillion: Construction firm with 43,000 employees collapses. [online] CNNMoney. Available at: https://money.cnn.com/2018/01/15/investing/carillion-uk-liquidation/index.html?iid=SF_River Iyengar, R., 2018.Trump's India partner sees 'overwhelming' interest in Gurgaon apartments. [online] CNNMoney. Available at: https://money.cnn.com/2018/01/15/news/economy/trump-towers-india-delhi-gurgaon-launch/index.html?iid=SF_River Luo, C., 2014. Questioning the soft budget constraint.Annals of Economics and Finance,15(1), pp.403-412. Post, T., 2018.Demand for office space to soar next year. [online] The Jakarta Post. Available at: https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/12/21/demand-for-office-space-to-soar-next-year.html Post, T., 2018.IPhone X forecasts cut, citing lukewarm demand. [online] The Jakarta Post. Available at: https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/12/26/iphone-x-forecasts-cut-citing-lukewarm-demand.html Varian, H.R., 2014.Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach: Ninth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Yan, J., Tian, K., Heravi, S. and Morgan, P., 2017. The vices and virtues of consumption choices: Price promotion and consumer decision making.Marketing Letters, pp.1-15.

Car Evaluation Using Neural Network Essay Sample free essay sample

1. Introduction Handwriting acknowledgment is done in two different ways. The first is online acknowledgment which examines the characters as the user is pulling them. This method is the simpler of the two. since the system lone trades with one character at a clip. An illustration of this method is character acknowledgment on a personal digital helper ( PDA ) . The 2nd type is off-line acknowledgment. In off-line acknowledgment the system must look at an full group of characters alternatively of merely one at a clip. An illustration of this is optical character acknowledgment ( OCR ) package for scanners. This system will utilize off-line character acknowledgment. Once the system has broken a image into its single characters. a nervous web will be used to find each single character. Following these characters. every bit good as information sing their locations. are sent to the scanner. The scanner so rebuilds the single characters into Numberss and besides determines which symbol goe s to the parser following. In some instances. the scanner must besides infix extra characters. The parser so requests one character at a clip from the scanner and calculates the look. Finally. a pop-up is displayed with the deliberate reply. Figure 1: Example 2. Images In this system. images are able to be input in two different ways. In either instance. images are required to be grey graduated table. Support may finally be added for non-gray graduated table images. but this was non considered of import for the initial version of the system. The first method of image input is with a electronic image file. The functionality for lading electronic image files was included for several grounds. First. since electronic image files do non compact the image data no external libraries were required. Therefore. change overing the file into a information construction used by this system was much simpler. Second. for proving the system. it is much easier to direct it a list of electronic image images to cipher instead than utilizing the graphical user interface ( GUI ) of the system to pull trial equations repeatedly. Finally. a future end of the system is to let users to lade images in from a scanner. so being able to manage image files will let thi s to work much more easy. The system presently does non back up lading images from a scanner because scanned images typically have a batch of noise ; in trials performed. this noise caused jobs when interrupting up the image into single characters. Figure 2: Noise in a scanned image This functionality will be implemented at a ulterior clip. However. the system will hold to filtrate these images and clean up the noise ( most probably by utilizing a Gaussian filter ) . and this was merely non executable given the limited clip restraints. It is besides a hereafter program to include support for other file formats of images ( JPEG. GIF. PNG. etc. ) . The 2nd method involved â€Å"drawing† the images on the screen through the program’s GUI. This method is used in the current execution. since it was considered the easiest and fastest for a user. Images are drawn by snaping and dragging the pointer around the draw panel of the GUI. Erasing is besides allowed utilizing the same method. The user may besides unclutter the full panel. When the user is finished composing an look he or she merely clicks on the â€Å"Calculate† button. The system so draws an lineation around each character it finds and displays a pop-up incorporating the deliberate reply Figure 3: Fictional character interrupt up For the undermentioned account. refer to Figure 3 for a graphical illustration of each measure of the procedure. Once an image has been loaded in the system ( Step 1 ) . it must be broken up into single characters. Presently. the system checks pels from left to right until it finds a pixel value below some threshold ( a black pel has a value of 0. and a white pel has a value of 255 ) . The system so creates a little bounding box around this pel ( Step 2 ) . Each of the four sides of this bounding box is checked to see if it crosses any pel below this threshold value. If it does. the box is extended in that way. This procedure is repeated for each side of the box until the borders of the bounding box cross no pels below the threshold ( Step 3 ) . This method works in merely some instances. since it is common that this bounded box will incorporate multiple characters. Some illustrations of this state of affairs include characters underneath a square root and bounds of an built-in. To take these excess characters. the delimited group of characters is scanned in the same manner from different waies. After a character is removed from the bounded group of characters. the group is scanned once more until no more characters are removed ( Step 4 ) . Finally. the jumping box of the original character is recreated since remotion of characters may hold affected its size ( Step 5 ) . This method has many defects. It is really successful in interrupting up characters that are non connected. but it is unable to interrupt up characters that are connected ( for illustration cursive authorship ) . Fortunately in mathematical looks connected characters are uncommon. particularly when composing on a computing machine screen. Hence. for the current undertaking this method was considered acceptable. Once the image is broken up into its single characters. each character’s location information is stored along with the pel values inside its bounding box. These pixel values are converted into a 10 pel by 10 pixel representation of the character. since the nervous web must be given a fixed figure of input pels for all characters. One job that arose with this method was that some characters. when converted to a 10 pel by 10 pels representation all look the same. For illustration. a really consecutive 1 or subtraction ( ) will turn into a block of all dark pels. and the system will be unable to separate these from a generation mark or denary point (  · ) . Besides. a somewhat slanted 1 will look a batch like a division mark ( / ) . To cover with this job. images that are really tall and narrow are padded on the sides with white pels. and images that are really broad and short are padded on the top and bottom with white pels. Figure 4: 10?10 jobs 3. Nervous Network The nervous web used for the acknowledgment of single characters is a feed-forward nervous web with four beds. The first bed contains 100 inputs. that is. one for each input pel. The end product bed contains an end product for each character that is to be recognizable by the system. Valuess for each input pel are sent into a corresponding node in the first ( input ) bed. For each node in the first bed. its input value is sent to an activation map. in this instance the logistic sigmoid function1. The end product of this map is sent to each node in the following bed. However. the end product it is non sent straight ; each end product is multiplied by some weight before traveling to the nodes in the following bed. Each node in the following bed amounts all of the signals it receives and sends this value to its activation map. This procedure repeats until the concluding end product vector to the web is found. x?= 1 1?e?t 7 For illustration. for the nervous web in Figure 5. to cipher the end product of node n+2. each end product for the old bed ( nodes 2 through n+1 ) must be calculated and multiplied by the corresponding connexion weight. This computation can be represented by the undermentioned equation: o n?2=? n?2 n?1 k=2 tungsten n?2. k o K ? O K is the end product of node K. ? K is the activation map of node K. and w K. J is the weight traveling from node J to node K. Figure 5: Sample unreal nervous web To develop the nervous web to acknowledge an individual’s script. a preparation set is created that contains a 10 images of each character the system is to acknowledge. The system can execute rather good when trained with fewer than 10 illustrations of each character ; nevertheless. 10 was chosen to guarantee a high degree of truth. The user has the ability to develop with more or less than 10 of each. but 10 is the default and the recommended sum of each. Each point in this preparation set is paired with a desired end product vector. This is basically a 0 vector except for the n-th component. which corresponds with this character. contains a 1. Next. the gradient descent larning method is used to develop the nervous web. Training is done by seting the weights of the web until the entire mistake for the preparation set is below. 005 a 2 B. where a is the figure of characters being recognized by the system ( figure of end products for the nervous web ) and B is the figure of each character in the preparation set. This can besides be thought of as the entire figure of end products when all inputs from the preparation set are sent into the nervous web multiplied by. 005. The entire mistake is calculated by directing each member of the preparation set through the web and ciphering the amount of the absolute values of the differences of the single constituents of the end product vector and desired end product vector. Weight accommodations are calculated with the undermentioned equation: w J. i=w J. one J oik ? is the larning rate ( in this plan this is merely 1 ) . and ? J is calculated as follows: K ‘ K ? J =e J ? ?net J ? if J is in the end product bed ? J =?’ ? net kj ? ? wm. J ? N if J is in a concealed bed m k net J is the amount of the inputs to node J for the K th component of the preparation set. Once the preparation is complete the weights are stored to a file which can sobe loaded in by the user instead than holding to retrain the system each clip it is used. 4. Scanner The scanner for this undertaking works rather otherwise than a scanner for a programming linguistic communication compiler. Normally. the following character in the sequence is the following character in the file ; nevertheless. in this execution the following character is non needfully known. When a user draws an equation. the system breaks the image into single characters and has the nervous web acknowledge these single characters. Once each single character is recognized and its location information is stored. this information is sent to the scanner. The scanner turns this information into items which are so sent to the parser. Numbers ( 0-9 ) and decimals ( . ) must be put together to organize the figure they constitute. For illustration. if the user writes the figure 10. 4. the system will see each character individually and must find that these four person characters make up the existent figure 10. 4. Besides. when two next footings are multiplied. for illustration 3x. the scanner must set a generation symbol between the footings. Similarly when the system encounters a power. it must infix the ^ symbol. so that the parser knows it has reached a power. When series or integrals are found. the system must look for bounds alternatively of merely catching the following character. The system must besides find which character or group of characters is the following to be sent to the parser. 5. Parser The parser takes the items given by the scanner and calculates the consequence. The parser must guarantee that operations are calculated in the right order and that operations that require numerical methods are calculated accurately. To cipher integrals. the trapezoidal method is used. The figure of trapezoids used additions until the estimated mistake is below. 00001 or until 100 trapezoids are used. Since computation of multiple integrals requires intense calculation. the fillet standards are relaxed in order to give a timely consequence. Figure 6: Example of trapezoidal method ciphering an built-in from 1 to 5 with four trapezoids 6. GUI The graphical user interface has a canvas for the user to pull on and allows the user to pull. erase. and clear the full canvas. The system has an option for making a new user. which allows the user to take which groups of characters he or she wants the system to be able to acknowledge. The system so asks the user to pull 10 illustrations of each character he or she asked the system to be able to acknowledge. Once all of these illustrations have been drawn. the preparation set is created and used to develop the new user’s nervous web. Once the new user’s nervous web has been trained. the nervous web weights are saved so that the user can lade his or her profile at any clip. 7. Future Work In add-on to the hereafter ends mentioned antecedently in the paper. one future end for the system is to include more mistake handling. Currently no message is displayed when an look is written or recognized falsely. Finally the system will explicate why it could non cipher the look and will propose alterations to the user. Similarly. the answer pop-up will finally include a TeX representation of the user’s input look. This representation will let the user to guarantee that the system recognized each character right. Another characteristic that will be implemented is the ability to add extra character sets to be recognizable by the user’s nervous web. That manner. if the user all of a sudden decides he or she would wish acknowledgment for integrals but he or she has non trained the system for this. instead than holding to travel through the full preparation procedure once more. the user can merely pull the new characters. The system will retrain itself utilizing this new informations and the preparation set the user antecedently created. This retraining will necessitate restructuring of the save file. since the original preparation set will necessitate to be saved. Similarly. a invitee user will finally be added that will be trained with all of the other users’ developing sets. This will let a user to utilize the system without preparation ; nevertheless. it will non acknowledge his or her authorship every bit good as it would if he or she were to travel through the preparation proc edure. Support is besides planned for ciphering derived functions. basic matrix operations. merchandise series. and roots of equations. 8. Decision For this undertaking I created a package system that allows users to handwrite mathematical looks which are so recognized and calculated by the system. This system is non yet complete. A working version has been created. but there are many characteristics that have non been implemented yet. Additionally. as with most pieces of package there are many bugs that need to be found and corrected. I plan to go on to work on this undertaking until all desired characteristics are implemented. Mentions 1. Stevenson. Charles F. . 1966. Neurophysiology: A Primer. John Wiley A ; Sons. Inc. 2. Gerald. Curtis F. and Wheatley. Patrick O. . 1999. Applied Numeric Analysis. 6th Ed. . Addison-Wesley 3. Russel. Stuart J. and Norvig. Peter. 2003. Articial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. 2nd Ed. . Prentice Hall 4. Schalko. Robert J. . 1997. Articial Neural Networks. McGraw-Hill 5. Li. Hongzing. Chen. Philip C. L. and Huang. Han-Pang. 2001. Fuzzy Neural Intelligent Systems. CRC Press LLC 6. Jang. J. -S. R. . Sun. C. -T. and Mizutani. E. . 1997. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: A Computational Approach to Learning and Machine Intelligence. Prentice Hall 7. Kosko. Bart. 1992. Nervous Networks and Fuzzy Systems: A Dynamic Systems Approach to Machine Intelligence. Prentice Hall 8. Mammone. Richard J. and Zeevi. Yehoshua. 1991. Nervous Networks: Theory and Applications. Academic Press. Inc. 9. 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